Israeli's treatment of arab citizens, Research Proposal

Israeli's treatment of arab citizens, - Research Proposal Example The fire of hatred burns brightest in the hearts of the Arabs for America because they were tools to kindle the hegemonic designs of the Arabs on the Israelis. Therefore the United States is facing rising anti- Americanism almost all over in the world. Pew Global Attitudes Project, (June 2003) Some of these reactions are due to the U.S strikes directed towards some Arab countries including its occupation of Iraq and secondly the political, military and economic support by the U.S in support of Israel against the Arabs. Another reason for the Arab antipathy and hatred for America lies in the fact of America’s support for a major number of undemocratic regimes of the Arabs. The Arab public sees U.S. positions in the Arab-Israeli conflict as biased and feels the U.S. government is not an honest broker in the conflict.† (Nicolas Francis, Moises Naim, and Abdel Monem Said Aly, (2002) These unfavorable conditions have led to the great hostility between the Israeli and the Arab s which seems to be blowing out of proportion time and again thus intensifying problems further. Shocking reports from the Department of State’s Annual Human Rights Division give us a clear insight into the Israeli’s treatment of the Arab minority. Depressing facts of abuses on the human rights of the Arabs by the Israelis have been well documented over the years to give us the bigger picture of life in the Arab countries. For over 30 years now, the Israelis have detained, tortured and killed many of the Arabs thereby fuelling resentment still further. In addition to this countless Arab homes were demolished and their lands confiscated without any explanation given to any human rights organization whether national or international for the past many years. The Arabs in Israel constitute about one –fifth of the population of the country but in spite of their large numbers they are deprived of most of the civil rights which other citizens of the country enjoy. According to the

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay CHAPTER 1- Interviewing suspects and witnesses is a basic operation of policing all over the world. In England and Wales, pre PACE, historically there was no formal interview training for police officers and officers learnt how to interview through observation of other police officers. Thus, the best evidence of guilt was confessions and theoretically good interviewers were those who could convince suspects to confess to crimes. Police interviews prior 1984 were governed by Judges Rules, these were just guidelines for the officers who they were allowed to execute interviews unrecorded and then to write a report of the interview from memory. Afterwards, officers memory of the interview was presented in court from the handwriting report. The dangers of this are self-evident officers can pick up bad practises or miss valuable information. Eventually investigations can be damaged, disrupted or even destroyed. The secrecy of the police interview room led to widespread concern about the tactics used to extract confessions things like intimidation, oppression, deception, and even physical violence (Leo, 1992). It has been shown that these tactics can lead to false confessions, in which case a double miscarriage of justice occurs not only is an innocent person convicted but the true offender remains free (Gudjonsson, 1992). The aim of this chapter is to discuss the old investigative interviewing which led to miscarriages of justice. Also, what was happening to police interviewing, why false confessions were frequent phenomenon and what types of false confessions exist. An important theme is public perception about police interviewing at this historical time. Finally the primary improvements that have been done, such as PACE and Circulars 7 and 22. Miscarriages of Justice When the term miscarriages of justice is used, it usually refers to what are called questionable convictions or wrongful convictions. Walker (1999: 52-5) summarises the causes of questionable convictions which are: fabrication of evidence, unreliable identification of an offender by the police or witnesses, unreliable expert evidence, unreliable confessions resulting from police pressure or the vulnerability of suspects, non disclosure of evidence by the police or prosecution, the conduct of the trial and problems associated with appeals procedures. However, the term miscarriages of justice as relating to questionable convictions is itself partly adequate (Adler and Gray, 2010). Consequently, the term can also occur when there is no action, inaction or questionable actions, whereby an offence has taken place but no action or insufficient action or interference has followed. Questionable actions include police unprofessional conduct and lack of ability (e.g, failures to investigate ef fectively, poor treatment of victims and their family), insufficient prosecution processes (poor communication with police, risk avoidance ), and problematic trial practices (hostile cross examination of witness, weak presentation of the prosecution case). Therefore, questionable actions represent police failure to identify suspects and to press charges, the lack of success of the prosecution to mount a case, the collapse of the prosecution case during the trial and as a result, agencies ineffectiveness to inform or support victims and their families (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). Traditionally, the primary aim of police investigators has been to obtain a confession from the primary suspect, the confession being seen by officers to be the key of a successful investigation and the predominant means by which a conviction can be secured. To understand why a confession was so pivotal concern it is essential to consider the operation of various systems of justice. In an adversarial system, the judge is considered to be neutral during the trial process and should leave the presentation of the case to the prosecution and defence who prepare their case, call and examine witnesses. According to Zander (1994), the adversarial system is not a search for the truth. The inquisitorial system aim to be a search for the truth, in this system the judge is not neutral but will play critical role in the presentation of the evidence at the trial. The Judge calls and examines the defendant and the witness. While the trial is in progress lawyers for the prosecution and defence can merely ask complementary questions. The Royal Commission stated that It is important not to overstate the differences between the two systems because all adversarial systems contain inquisitorial elements and vice versa (Runciman, 1993). The court was not interested in the truth; it just had to decide whether punishment has been applied beyond all rational doubt. Therefore, it is not surprising that confession evidence had priority and investigators relied on a confession within the investigation process. Certainly, investigators focused on a confession and to attain a confession used coercive methods, allowing the investigation team to move on to the next case. False confessions lead to false convictions, thus police officers reproduced miscarriages of justice within their behaviour and interviewing tactics (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). False confessions lead to false convictions In the UK and other countries, a number of miscarriages of justice have established that false confessions occur and a large number of these are due to factors which exist within the interview context. Kassin and McNall (1991) analysed the tactics described by Inbau, Reid and Buckley (1986) which lead to false confessions; and found two categories: maximisation, where interviewers use scare tactics to intimidate a suspect believe to be guilty and minimisation, where interviewers underrate the offence seriousness and charges. Three categories of false confessions were identified by Gudjonsson and MacKeith (1988) and expanded by Shepherd (1996). These categories are as follows: Voluntary false confession Voluntary false confessions occur when the interviewee falsely confesses for personal reason without pressure. Possible reasons that suspect give false confession are: to exempt feelings of guilt about a real or imagined crime or situation in the past (this is most possible to happen for people with depression, Gudjonsson, 1992). To pre-empt further investigation of a more serious offence; to cover up the real culprit; to gain notoriety- a wish to become infamous and to enhance ones self esteem; an inability to distinguish reality from imagination(people with schizophrenia); to take a revenge on another and to hide other non criminal actions. Coerced-compliant false confession Coerced-compliant false confessions arise when the interviewee agrees to make a confession in order to make some kind of gain. This category of false confession occur from social influence factor; compliance. Compliance is a change in ones behaviour for contributory purposes, it is first found in Aschs (1956) primary studies of conformity and Milgrams (1974) research on obedience to authority. Interviewee sees the short term advantages of confessing (being released) outweighing the long term costs (such as prosecution and imprisonment). People, who are passable to compliance such as people with learning disabilities, may be especially vulnerable to this type of false confession. Coerced-internalised false confession The last category is a coerced-internalised false confession in such cases suspects come to believe that they are guilty because they no longer trust their own memory of certain details. This type of false confession derives from a cognitive effect and refers to the internal acceptance of beliefs held by others. An interviewee who is anxious, tired and confused actually comes to believe he or she committed the crime. The suspects memory may be altered in interviewing process. This can be linked to the false memory syndrome. The memory distrust syndrome concerns interviewees who distrust their own memory and consequently depend on external guide for information (in this particular situation -interviewer, Wolchover Heaton-Amstrong, 1996). This syndrome can be explained in two ways. The first relates to amnesia or memory damage. The interviewee has no clear memory and does not remember if he committed the crime or not. Also he or she does not remember what exactly happened the time of the crime. This may be due to amnesia or alcohol induced memory problems. The second way occurs when the interviewee is aware that he or she did not commit the crime and when the interviewer makes cases, manipulates the interviewee with suggestions. The suspect mistrusts his or her self and start thinking if he or she committed the crime. Ofshe (1989), stated that three common personality characteristics are situated on people who give this type of false confessions. They trust in people of authority, lack of self confidence and heightened suggestibility. Gudjonsson (1997) also argued, the false belief and false memories in cases of coerced- internalised false confession are most commonly developed as a result of manipulative interviewing techniques. Gudjonsson and Clark (1986) also introduced the theory of suggestibility which is a theoretical model of interrogative suggestibility and arises from a social cognitive viewpoint. It is argued, that most people would be susceptible to suggestions if the necessary conditions of uncertainty, interpersonal trust and heightened expectations are present. Implicit in such a model is the assumption that interrogative suggestibility is a distinct type of suggestibility. Gudjonsson also points out that; suggestibility is, to a certain extent, influenced by situational factors and experience. IS is defined as the extent to which, within a closed social interaction, people come to accept messages communicated during formal questioning, as a result of which their su bsequent behavioural response is affected (Gudjonsson and Clark, 1986). The IS is comprise two separate susceptibilities: to yield to leading questions, where yielding regards to the reliability of testimony and closely reflects memory processes; and to shift the primary answer in response to negative feedback, where shifting is related to coping process which are mainly affected by personality traits and experience (convicted in past, Gudjonsson, 1992). The literature on miscarriages of justice highlights the role of coercion in obtaining confessions and the problem with convictions based only or mainly on confessions. Using unfair means and tactics to secure a conviction is sometimes known as noble cause corruption. That is to say, so strong is the desire to achieve a correct conviction that any means to that end are justified. The adversarial process combined with the pressure for a quick result creates noble cause corruption. Resounding examples are Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, which have been described in newspapers as the worst miscarriages of justice in England in the last century. The Guildford four took palce on 5 October 1974, in which members of the Irish Republican Army planted bombs in two public houses in Guildford, Surrey: the Horse Groom and the Seven Stars. The attacks left five people killed and over 100 injured. Kennedy (1989) describes how Conlon, came to sign his confession and what previously happened. Pol ice officers were violent and immoral. As Conlon stated I was crying and frightened. Simmons said if I didnt make a statement, he would ring Belfast first thing in the morning and I would never see my mother or sister again. The last of my resistance shattered when he said this. I was crying and shaking uncontrollably. I said my family hadnt done anything. I fell apart. Simmons said what happened to my family was up to me. I said I would make a statement like they wanted, but it wouldnt be true as I really didnt do it (Kennedy, 1989). The four men spent 15 years in prison before the case was overturned in 1989 after a new police investigation had found serious flaws in the way Surrey police noted the confessions of the four: that the notes taken were not written up immediately and officers may have colluded in the wording of the statements (Gudjonsson, 2003). Another event happened as it was called The Birmingham Six, after one month when Guildford four took place, namely on 21 Nove mber 1974. Two public houses In Birmingham were bombed by the IRA in which 21 people were killed and more than 160 were injured. Six men were convicted for this crime and they were released after 16 years (in 1991) Scientists admitted in court that forensic tests which were originally said to confirm two of the six had been handling explosives could have produced the same results from handling cigarettes (Gudjonsson,2003). In Guildford four, the confessions that had been central of their conviction in 1975 were shown to be unreliable and in, sometimes fabricated. In the second case, Birmingham Six, the confession was discredited. Thomas Heron, who was on trial for the murder of a young girl, was acquitted when the interviews, which led to his confession, were dismissed by the trial judge as oppressive. In this case interviews were recorded in compare of Guildford Four and Birmingham Six in which the interviews were not recorded. The Police Studies Institute Report found (1983) that the most widespread opinion about police interviewing and the most popular police misconduct is that police officers threatening and the use of unfair pressure. Around fifty percent of the respondents believed that police use threats and pressure at least sometimes but the more important is twenty five percent thought that it often happens and this was a usual behaviour of police officers. A de facto percentage of Londoners believed that other kinds of misconduct happened at least once in a while. Around ten percent of Londoners thought police officers fabricate evidence and use inexcusable violence on people were detained at police stations. The findings of this research showed the public perception which was negative and critical against police. . The majority of Londoners had serious doubt about police conduct. People did not trust police interviewing, it showed that there was a complete lack of confidence and reliability (Smit h 1983: 325). One third of young white people thought the police often used threats or unreasonable pressure during custodial questioning while 62 per cent of young people of West Indian descent believed that they did so. Therefore, people were critical of police where they had a high degree of conduct with the police or they were subject to a high level of victimisation (Jones et al, 1986). The successful appeals of Guildford Four and Birmingham Six and the acquittal of Heron received widespread publicity and brought heavy criticism of the police and affected public opinion. A general public survey found that 73 per cent of the participants believed that the police broke the rules to obtain convictions (Williamson, 1991). By 1993 police interviews were described as a grave concern (Shepherd 1993). These surveys provide a rich picture of the nature and quality of the relationship between the citizen and the police in the past (Williamson, 2005). By the 1970s and 1980s in England and Wales it was clear that the legitimacy of the criminal justice system was at stake. Something had to be done. This became the focus of policy making. Such were the concerns that the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (1981) was set up, in turn leading to the passing in 1984 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) a key piece of legislation to monitor, amongst other things, the integrity of evidence production (Maguire, 2003) Through PACE (enacted 1986), police interviews with suspects were to be tape-recorded. This, it was hoped, meant the old regime of police investigations would be brought to an end and police interviews should be open to scrutiny (Lea, 2004). PACE suggested that investigation should separate from prosecution and should have an independent investigation service. Scientists with educational background should work in these laboratories and help the police to investigations and police officers had to be trained. All pol ice manuals are based on experience rather than objective and scientific data. Experience is invaluable to police work and its usefulness is illustrated by the effectiveness of the techniques recommended. However, relying solely upon experience in determining procedure may create serious pitfalls and fail to bring to light important facts about human behaviour, such as the susceptibility of some suspects to give erroneous information when placed under interviewing pressure. What is needed is more research into the effectiveness and pitfalls of different interviewing techniques. Also they argued that forensic laboratories should be independent from police. Home Office Circular 22/1992 provides the following seven principles of investigative interviewing: 1. The role of investigative interviewing is to obtain accurate and reliable information from suspects, witnesses or victims in order to discover the truth about matters under police investigation. 2. Investigative interviewing should be approached with an open mind. Information obtained from the person who is being interviewed should always be tested against what the interviewing officer already knows or what can reasonably be established. 3. When questioning anyone a police officer must act fairly in the circumstances of each individual case. 4. The police interviewer is not bound to accept the first answer given. Questioning is not unfair merely because it is persistent. 5. Even when the right to silence is exercised by a suspect the police still have a right to put questions. 6. When conducting an interview, police officers are free to ask questions in order to establish the truth; except for interviews with child victims of sexual or violent abuse which are to be used in criminal proceedings, they are not constrained by the rules applied to lawyers in court. 7. Vulnerable people, whether victims, witnesses or suspects, must be treated with particular consideration at all times. Questioning also may be considered oppressive if the officer asks: multiple questions (i.e. several questions rolled into one); ambiguous questions (i.e. where the potential answers have more than one meaning); irrelevant questions (i.e. questions which have no logical connection with the police enquiry); questions concerning other offences; hypothetical questions; questions based on dubious or non-existent evidence; questions concerning a co-suspect. (Home Office Circular 22/1992) The effectiveness of Pace is debatable, on the one hand McConville and colleagues suggested in 1991 that little of police interviews had changed especially in relation to interrogative suggestibility. Namely, the tape recording of interviews had not changed the power relations in the whole interview process, principally the fact that Interrogation takes place in an environment which increases the vulnerability of the suspect and maximises the authority and control of the police (1991, p78). On the other hand, Ede and Shepherd (2000, p109) stated that tape recording of PACE interviews led to a sharp decline in forceful interviewing and revealed the widespread ineptitude of police officers in the interviewing role In the same concept Milne and Bull (2003) report experience officers views. Since the 1986 introduction of PACE regarding audio-taping interviews with suspects, police interviews have become better planned, more structured, and the use of trickery and deceit has all but vanis hed (p121) . PACE appears to have markedly reduced the number of manipulative and persuasive techniques that police officers use when interrogating suspects, except perhaps in the most serious cases (Milne and Bull, 1999). Interestingly, there appears to have been no overall effects on the confession rate of suspects. The reason that police interviewing was still poor (Baldwin, 1992) was because of police role in the investigation of offences was still one of persuading suspects to confess rather than engaging in a process of inquiry, which was a search for the truth. The persistence on confession evidence also meant that witness and victims were often ignored, not seen as an important part of the investigation process, consequently were not interviewed methodically and so were not capable to present all the information they were competent of giving as evidence (Adler and Grey, 2010). Obviously, there was a need for a change of investigative interviewing to meet the ideals of the new legislation and to prevent challenges to the evidence achieved through questioning. This constituted in the establishment of a national committee on investigative interviewing that involved police officers, lawyers and psychologists. That result was the beginning of the PEACE interviewing model (Milne et al, 2007).

John Locke and the Unequal Distribution of Wealth Essay example -- Empi

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is stated by John Locke that in the state of nature no man may take more then he can consume. â€Å"†¦make use of any advantage of life before it spoils†¦whatever is beyond this is more than his share and belongs to others. Nothing was made by God for man to spoil or destroy. (Locke 14)† Locke then goes on to say, â€Å"God gave the world to man †¦ for their benefit and the greatest conveniences of life they were capable to draw from it, it cannot be supposed he meant it should always remain common and uncultivated. He gave it to the use of the industrious and rational- and labor was to be his title†¦ (Lock 15)† Both of statements can stand alone, each could be argued. For starters, it is not only selfish to take more then you ever will be able to use, it is just stupid, and if you make it with your sweat, why shouldn’t it be yours to keep or profit from. The only problem is, that one of these statements is the head of a starving serpent, and the other its delicious tale. It is hard to believe the head could stay alive without devouring the tale. We should start this argument at the head and work our way down. If John Locke were alive today he would be a lawyer. Not just any lawyer though, a big business lawyer working for a company like Enron. He would try to justify the destruction caused by overly rich, overly powerful people, with statements such as ones that will follow. When first reading Locke you might think, â€Å" Hey, this guy sounds like a lawyer....

The Potential Market for Apple Ipad in the Uk

The Potential Market for Apple iPad in the UK Table of contents 1. 0Introduction3 2. 0Creative thinking3 3. 0Recommendations for successfully marketing iPad in the UK3 4. 0Conclusion4 References5 1. 0 Introduction After iSlate and iGuide, iPad as another tablet-shaped computer was launched by Apple. The various applications of the iPad are very attractive for customers, but it also has some shortcomings including high price and the same user interface as iPhone. The company prepares to set foot in the UK market. The purpose of this report is to identify how the iPad can be successfully marketed in the UK.Firstly, the main body of the report will briefly introduce creative thinking. Then, it will present the approaches for marketing iPad in the UK successfully. After that, it will make a conclusion in a few words. 2. 0 Creative thinking Creative thinking plays a significant part in constantly increasing the amounts of human knowledge, improving perceptivity of human being, as well as opening up new situation for practice. Creativity is the basis for generating innovation which is favorable to improve organizational competitiveness in the marketplace (Amabile, et al, 1996).It can be seen that creative thinking plays a significant role in the success or failure of new product or services in the market. Innovation can be driven by leadership, people management, knowledge management, and creativity management (Prajogo and Ahmed, 2006). The sources of creativity and innovation are people including customers, specialists, groups and teams, as well as individuals. Apple can be regarded as an innovative firm. Its innovation capacity comes from innovative chief executive. How to market its products creatively is very crucial for the success of product sales, which ill be discussed in the next section. 3. 0 Recommendations for successfully marketing iPad in the UK Marketing is the root for the survival and development of an organization. Over time, a large number of marke ting approaches come to the market, including relationship marketing, direct marketing, service marketing, internet marketing, international marketing and brand marketing and so on. Successful product marketing should attach much importance to many aspects such as market demand, customer preference, price, and marketing mix and etc.The following paragraphs will suggest ways how the iPad can be marketed successfully in the UK. In order to successfully marketing product or services in a new market, the first and most important thing for an organization to do is market research. In this way, the organization can better meet customer demands and preferences by analyzing market researching findings. In general, market research consists of four steps, that is, gathering the data, integrating the evidence, unraveling the insight, and telling the story (Rawlinson, 1970).It is known that iPhone has obtained remarkable success in the market. Owing to this, iPad has already employed the iPhone -style user interface (Johnson and Arthur, 2010). It is apparently that iPad is not creative in this aspect as a result of passive consumption. For successfully marketing, the company must attempt to persuade consumers to accept the uncommonness of the product. The key lies in how to promote its advantages overwhelming its advantages. As a whole, the company must explain clearly about the creation of the product so as to attract the attention of consumers.Otherwise, the marketing of the iPad will suffer from the impediment or even resistance from consumers. In the next place, marketing strategy is one of important factors to help the organization to remain invincible in the increasingly dramatic market competition. The iPad can provide numerous applications for customers but not only limited to web browsing, email and reading e-books (Johnson and Arthur, 2010). At the beginning, Apple did not make a price for iPad in the UK market. However, according to the surveys, a great many cus tomers in theUK reveal that iPad is excessively expensive (Harvey, 2010). It can be seen that cost is a key factor to determine if iPad can be successfully marketed in the UK. On one hand, the company should employ appropriately pricing strategy. Pricing strategies include skimming, market pricing and penetration pricing (Sutton-Brady and Beal, 2008). It is obviously that the UK is a new potential market for Apple. The key for the survival of the company in the new market is to stimulate market and capture market share. For this reason, penetration pricing strategy should be adopted by the company.On the other hand, the company should attempt to reduce cost as much as possible by all means. The last but not the least, promotional methods are also of great importance to the sales of products. Traditional promotional mix mainly includes the elements such as advertising, personnel selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, and public relation. Among them, advertising is an important t ool for marketing at any time. Both mature and blind consumers will be guided by the advertisement. What’s more, the returns from advertising are also impressive at short notice.In addition, public relation makes great contribution to corporate image and marketing. However, with the development of media technology, the promotional mix is taking place great changes. Moreover, the communication has already gone through four ages from interruption, entertainment, engagement to dialogue. From this aspect, it can be said that the iPad has already done a good job for media in different sectors including print and publishing, television, and advertising (Arthur, Anderson and Sweney, 2010). It has satisfied the customer demands on entertainment and engagement.According to the statistics, 70% of the content of the web will be user generated until 2010 (Daugherty, Eastin and Bright, 2008). From this, it can be seen that it is very important for an organization to interact with customer s. For this reason, customer engagement and interaction should be embodied in every link of marketing. The advertising ideas of iPad will be multiplatform rather than the â€Å"big TV campaign† mentality; furthermore, it will develop creative advertising ideas by a spectrum of consumer engagement (Arthur, Anderson and Sweney, 2010).From the perspective of public relation, traditional public relation messaging techniques may not be perceived as authentic any more. On the contrary, the company should regard user reviews and comments as the new word of mouth. Their messages will become the critical factors to improve the leadership of Apple in the UK market. 4. 0 Conclusion To sum up, marketing is extremely important for the development and expansion of an organization. The report has firstly introduced a little about creative thinking. Then, it has demonstrated how the iPad can be successfully marketed in the UK.Firstly, the company needs to conduct market research and make cor respondingly responses by market analysis. Secondly, the company is necessary to formulate appropriately pricing strategy. Thirdly, the company must focus on the interaction with customers in the age of media technology. The iPad can be marketed successfully by effective market reaction, correct pricing strategy, as well as frequent interaction with consumers. References Amabile, T. et al, (1996) Assessing the work environment for creativity, Academy of Management Journal, 39 (5): 1154-1184. Arthur, C. Anderson, K. and Sweney, M. (2010) A Good Job for Media, http://www. guardian. co. uk/media/2010/feb/01/ipad-imapact-on-media, Date accessed on June 8, 2010. Daugherty, T. , Eastin, M. S. and Bright, L. (2008) Exploring Consumer Motivations for Creating User-Generated Content, Journal of Interactive Advertising, 8(2): 1-24. Harvey, M. (2010) British Buyers will Pay More for iPad, but Critics Say Wait, http://business. timesonline. co. uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/articl e7119823. ece, Date accessed on June 8, 2010. Johnson, B. and Arthur, C. 2010) Apple iPad: The Wait is over – but is it Future of Media or Oversized Phone? http://www. guardian. co. uk/technology/2010/jan/27/apple-ipad-tablet-computer-k indle, Date accessed on June 8, 2010. Prajogo, D. I. and Ahmed, P. K. (2006) Relationship between Innovation Stimulus, Innovation Capacity, and Innovation Performance, R&D Management, 36(5): 499-515. Rawlinson, J. G. (1970) Creative Thinking and Brainstorming, London: British Institute of Management. Sutton-Brady, C. and Beal, T. (2008) International Marketing, South Melbourne, Vic: Thomson Learning Australia.

Modern tragic hero Essay

Aristotle defines a tragedy as a â€Å"form of drama defined by seriousness and dignity and involving a great person who experiences a reversal of fortune†. This ‘great’ person is normally held in high regard and possesses a tragic or fatal flaw which contributes to the reversal of fortune. The character must pass through suffering and trials in which they are brought to their limit and, eventually, the character realises their mistake or flaw, and develops as a result of this. Unfortunately, the development invariably comes too late, and the tragedy ends in the character’s death. According to Aristotle, a tragedy must induce fear and pity in the audience. Watching a person held in high regard fall leaves the audience wondering if a single mistake could really lead to such a drastic turn of events. The Crucible was written at a time when Miller was summoned to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee. During the 1940s and early 1950s, the fear of communist sympathisers became so great that under Senator Joseph McCarthy, the committee became paranoid in its search for possible communists. As this was happening, Miller began seeing parallels between the actions of the committee and the witchcraft trials in Salem two hundred years ago: â€Å"What was manifestly parallel was the guilt, two centuries apart, of holding illicit, suppressed feelings of alienation and hostility toward standard, daylight society†. The possession of lists pertaining to possible offenders is a particular link, and Miller fashioned The Crucible around both the events of his time and the Salem witch trials. Miller wrote the play for modern audiences and while John Proctor’s path is similar to the one defined by Aristotle, there are a number of differences. John Proctor is described as blunt and honest: â€Å"He had a sharp and biting way with hypocrites,† He has a rebellious spirit which leads him to be impulsive and rash on occasions. An example of this is when Parris mentions a faction. Proctor in jest says, â€Å"Then I must find it and join it†. This behaviour typical to Proctor differs a great deal from the repressive norm of the time. His behaviour also leads him to trouble later in the play, as others do not appreciate his more liberal thinking. â€Å"In Proctor’s presence a fool felt his foolishness instantly-and a Proctor is always marked for calumny therefore. † As a result of his sometimes rebellious attitude, he puts himself in a dangerous position when the hysteria elevates. Proctor is principled and a man of conviction. His refusal to go to church is not motivated by laziness but by a dislike of how Parris runs it. Miller also says that he came to, â€Å"regard himself as a kind of fraud†. Proctor understands that he is not the perfect Christian that he appears to be, and while he remains respected in the village, he himself feels undeserving of such respect because of the sins he has committed. As such, his fear of public humiliation is so great that he is reluctant to act when Elizabeth urges him. To Proctor, the risk of Abigail revealing his sins is too great. Proctor is very weak willed at the start of the play, which highlights his vulnerabilities as a human being while making his change all the more pronounced. He lacks moral courage and strength: strength to do what is right and courage to act, despite the risks on his own reputation. In his actions toward Elizabeth, we see he is loyal and caring. Even though he strayed from his vows, he seeks forgiveness more than anything else and puts off Abigail’s advances, â€Å"I will cut off my hand before I reach for you again. † He is protective of his wife’s feelings, and tries to spare them by deceiving through omission. This is demonstrated when Proctor leaves out that he was alone with Abigail for a moment. However, when Elizabeth finds out about it, she is hurt that he lied, and suspicious of his reasons for doing so. Through this deception, Proctor is inadvertently protecting his own insecurities which, while seemingly non existent to the outside world, he displays in private when with Elizabeth. Proctor lacks confidence in regard to his wife. He feels that he is trying hard to gain her trust but is not getting any response from her: â€Å"On Saturday let you come with me, and we’ll walk the farm together. † This is an obvious attempt to do something romantic with his wife, but Elizabeth is less than enthusiastic. Their inability to face up to their problems and the habit of tip toeing around sensitive subjects prevents the forgiveness that he so craves and keeps their relationship tense. With regard to moral courage, Proctor’s fear of humiliation makes him indecisive, as the only way to stop Abigail’s lies is to hurt her. Here he shows his flaws. He doesn’t want Abigail to reveal their affair. He doesn’t want to hurt her because of his affection and while he knows what she is doing is false, his inaction allows the situation to deteriorate drastically over a short period of time- the start of his fall. Proctor also has a great fear of being judged by others, especially his wife. He says to Elizabeth: â€Å"I’ll not have your suspicion any more,† to which Elizabeth replies, â€Å"John, if it were not Abigail that you must go to hurt, would you falter now? I think not. † It is evident that what she says is true, but, because of this, Proctor immediately jumps to his own defence, â€Å"I confessed, confessed! Some dream I had must have mistaken you for God that day†. This reveals his resentment for being judged, and his belief that only God has the right to do so. Elizabeth also points out Proctor’s confliction and self doubt, â€Å"I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you,† meaning Proctor is punishing himself for his sins, and channelling his guilt by blaming his wife. In this interaction with Elizabeth we truly see how insecure and weak Proctor is, a far cry from the strong outward appearance he shows to others. His inaction stems from his pride, fear and insecurity, and leads to dire consequences for him and Elizabeth. However, as the play progresses, Proctor goes over a sudden and monumental change. Spurred by the arrest of his wife, the innate defiance in him surfaces and Proctor begins to gain moral courage, becoming committed to freeing his wife. Only in the absence of Elizabeth does John discover purpose and tenacity to do what he has to. He is not yet at the point where he can admit his affair openly to stop Abigail, but he begins to see the extent of the hysteria through Mary Warren and resolves to stop it with the aid of Mary Warren, â€Å"All our old pretence is ripped away-make your peace with it! † He must now contend with Mary’s weak nature, and it is ironic that at the moment of gaining new strength, he must help Mary overcome her weaknesses and fears. Proctor is still scared for his reputation, but the arrest of Elizabeth is the catalyst of his future development.

Spanish Phrases Followed by the Subjunctive Mood

Spanish Phrases Followed by the Subjunctive Mood Although the subjunctive mood in Spanish is used most often in sentences that take the form noun indicative verb que subjunctive verb, it is used in other situations as well. Probably the most common is following a phrase that functions as a subordinating conjunction. For example, note the use of the subjunctive in the following sentence: Debes comer alimentos nutritivos para que tengas un bebà © sano. (You should eat nutritious foods in order to have a healthy baby.) In this example, para que functions as a subordinating conjunction, and a conjugated form of tener is in the subjunctive mood. Para que is one of those phrases that, at least in standard written Spanish, is always followed by a verb in the subjunctive, although this rule, like many others, may not always be followed in casual speech in some regions. Following is a list of phrases that you can safely assume will be followed by the subjunctive. Note that many of them mean in order that, provided that, or something similar; meanings given are the most common translations but not the only ones possible. Note also that this list isnt intended to be complete - phrases used in the same way with similar meanings will usually also require the subjunctive. A fin de que (in order that, so that): A fin de que no haya confusiones te llamarà © Pablo. So there is no confusion, I will call you Pablo. ¿Quà © se debe hacer a fin de que no ocurra este problema? What needs to be done so this problem doesnt occur? A menos que (unless): No es fcil ir a una tienda y escoger ropa o accesorios, a menos que vayamos acompaà ±ados de una buena amiga. Its not easy to go to the store and choose clothing or accessories, unless we go with a good friend.A menos que se caiga el cielo y todas la estrellas dejen de existir, yo nunca dejarà © de amarte. Unless the sky falls and the stars cease to exist, Ill never stop loving you. Antes de que, antes que (before): El examen de sangre terminar antes de que puedas contar hasta 20. The blood test will be over before you can count to 20.Esta foto fue tomada unas horitas antes de que viajaran a Argentina. This photo was taken a few short hours before they traveled to Argentina.El hecho ocurrià ³ ayer al mediodà ­a, poco antes que lloviera. The act occurred yesterday at noon, a little bit before it rained. Con tal de que, con tal que (provided that, as long as): Harà © lo que me pidas con tal de que me ames. Ill do what you ask me as long as you love me.Mi madre se queda tranquila con tal de que estemos entretenidos viendo la televisià ³n y que no demos guerra. My mother stays quiet provided that were being entertained watching TV and not causing trouble.Con tal que todo sea en beneficio del equipo, yo lo hago. As long as its all for the good of the team, Ill do it. En caso de que, en caso que (in the event that, in case): Tenemos consejos en caso de que usted o un miembro de su familia sufra un accidente. We have advice in case you or a member of your family has an accident.Voy a dejar un recado en caso de que venga mi papa. Im going to leave a message in case my father comes.Èstas son las recomendaciones que hace la Cruz Roja en caso que se presente caà ­da de ceniza volcnica. These are the recommendations that the Red Cross gives in the event that volcanic ash falls. Para que (in order that, so that): Creo que me dijo eso para que me sienta mejor. I believe he told me that so I would feel better.Necesito estudiar para que a mi hija no le falte nada. I need to study so my daughter has what she needs. ¿Quà © se necesita para que podamos crear nuestra propia empresa? What is needed in order to create our own business? Siempre y cuando (only when, if and only if): El Motel Bianco es ideal siempre y cuando tengas auto. The Motel Bianco is ideal if and only if you have a car.Tenemos la libertad de expresià ³n siempre y cuando no ofenda a nadie. We have freedom of expression only when it doesnt offend anyone. Sin que (without): Sin que Espaà ±a resuelva sus problemas, no hay solucià ³n. Without Spain resolving its problems, theres no solution.Cà ³mo cocer huevos sin que se rompa la cscara. How to cook eggs without the shell breaking.

Transformation of Indians Duri essays

Transformation of Indians Duri essays The Indian population in the early 1800s were subjects of the ruling elite. At this point, the ruling elite consisted of Spaniards, which considered the Indians to be barbaric and did not consider them to be humans. In 1810, the Gente de razon category was established to identify people who were White, racially mixed people and those Indians who had been detribalized. This was the preparation for the revolution of 1821; an independence from Spanish rule. Mexico began its preparations by changing these racial labels. The great plan of this time period was to acculturate the Indians to help in the colonization of the new independent Mexico. The Indians transformation in their political, social and cultural view attributed to their legal status and land ownership rights during the Mexican period of 1821 to 1848. I believe that the Indians had been use to changes such as the change during the Spanish rule to the change under the Mexican republic and continuing with the changes und er the United States. It is the intent of this essay to examine the integration of the Indians into the new independent Mexico. The Indians change begins with the Laws of Burgos in 1512, passed by the Spanish crown to establish the procedures and laws to govern the Indians (Hanke 1949:24; Menchaca 2001:51). Yet again, at the beginning of the Mexican period in 1821, the reaffirmation of the 1812 Law of Cadiz under the Plan de Iguala went into affect, granting Mexican citizenship to all excluding slaves. The Plan de Iguala was a way to attract Indians to join the colonists in maintaining the newly established republic. Under this plan, race could no longer be legally used to prevent Indians, mestizos, and free afromestizos from exercising the citizenship rights enjoyed by Whites (Menchaca 2001:161). The beginning of this period asked many Indians to pledge allegiance to either Spain or Mexico. The Indians were able to combine their pol...

Aztec Religion and Gods of the Ancient Mexica

Aztec Religion and Gods of the Ancient Mexica The Aztec religion was made up of a complex set of beliefs, rituals and gods that helped the Aztec/Mexica to make sense of their worlds physical reality, and the existence of life and death. The Aztecs believed in a multiple-deity universe, with different gods who reigned over different aspects of Aztec society, serving and responding to Aztec specific needs. That structure was deeply rooted in a widespread Mesoamerican tradition in which concepts of the cosmos, world, and nature were shared across most of the prehistoric societies in the southern third of North America. In general, the Aztecs perceived the world as divided into and balanced by a series of opposing states, binary oppositions such as hot and cold, dry and wet, day and night, light and dark. The role of humans was to maintain this balance by practicing appropriate ceremonies and sacrifices. The Aztec Universe The Aztecs believed that the universe was divided into three parts: the heavens above, the world in which they lived, and the underworld. The world, called Tlaltipac, was conceived as a disk located in the middle of the universe. The three levels, heaven, world, and underworld, were connected through a central axis, or axis mundi. For the Mexica, this central axis was represented on earth by the Templo Mayor, the Main Temple located at the center of the sacred precinct of Mexico- Tenochtitlan. The Multiple Diety UniverseThe Aztec Heaven and underworld were also conceived as divided into different levels, respectively thirteen and nine, and each of these was overlooked by a separate deity. Each human activity, as well as the natural elements, had their own patron deity who overlooked different aspect of human life: childbirth, commerce, agriculture, as well as the seasonal cycles, landscape features, rain, etc. The importance of connecting and controlling the cycles of nature, such as the sun and moon cycles, with human activities, resulted in the use, in the pan-Mesoamerican tradition of sophisticated calendars which were consulted by priests and specialists. Aztec Gods The prominent Aztec scholar Henry B. Nicholson classified the numerous Aztec gods in three groups: celestial and creator deities, gods of fertility, agriculture and water and deities of war and sacrifices. Click on the links to learn more of each of the main gods and goddesses. Celestial and Creator Gods Xiuhtecuhtli-Huehueteotl (Old Man, the cycle of seasons)Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror, god of night and sorcery)Quetzalcoatl (the god/hero, the once and future king figure) Gods of Water, Fertility, and Agriculture Tlaloc (rain god)Chalchiutlicue (She of the Jade Skirt, childbirth)Centeotl (Maize Cob Lord, maize)Xipe Totec Lord with the Flayed Skin, fertility) Gods of War and Sacrifice Tonatiuh (Aztec sun god)Huitzilopochtli (war god, patron god of Tenochtitlan)Tlaltecuhtli (earth goddess) Sources AA.VV, 2008, La Religià ³n Mexica, Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, vol. 16, num. 91 Nicholson, Henry B., 1971, Religion in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico, en Robert Wauchope (ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians, University of Texas Press, Austin, Vol. 10, pp 395-446. Smith Michael, 2003, The Aztecs, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing Van Tuerenhout Dirk R., 2005, The Aztecs. New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO Inc. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO and Oxford, England.

Construction of Gender and Sexual Studies Essay

Construction of Gender and Sexual Studies - Essay Example The very idea of gender studies would be to contribute to reducing the significance or even, in some social situations and contexts, abolishing the identities of man and women. The new social perspective on sexuality was advanced by social activists. One possibility in gender studies would be to minimize or at least reduce the use of the labels of man and woman, except when used by the ‘natives’. There is a risk of gender studies producing gender stereotypes rather than revealing them through an excessive and insensitive theory – governed interpretation of the gendered meaning of everything in management, organization, work and society at large. Against the naturalistic view of gender and sexuality, feminist argued that society, not nature, creates gender and sexual differences. In particular, , feminist argued that women’s sexuality is socially shaped in ways that sustain men’s political and social dominance. In short, women’s sexuality, like men, is not is fixed by nature but shaped by social forces and circumstances, by factors such as economic independence, social values, peers or family culture. Social construction on sexuality The social construction approach, quite simply, is about understanding the historical context which shapes the sexuality. The starting point is the assumption that sexuality, far from being a force of natural external to society, is in fact always inevitably central to the social and cultural, and malleable to them. Sexuality is a highly social phenomenon and as society changes so must sexuality. Sexuality builds on biological potentials, and is subject to psychosocial organizations, so both biology and psychology can no doubt help understand individual sexual development. But we must also recognize that sexuality, like everything else, attains meaning only in culture. Social constructionist at its simplest is an attempt to understand the process through which social and individual meaning an d practices of the erotic are shaped and reshaped in an ever changing history. What complicates the issue is that â€Å"sexuality† as a concept operates on two levels. It refers to the bundle of social phenomena that shapes erotic life ;laws, religion, norms and values, beliefs and ideologies, the social organizations of reproduction, family life, identities, domestic arrangements, diseases, violence and love – everything we evoke when we speak of sexuality of a culture. And it also refers to the level of individual- to the pleasures and pains that can shape our lives for good or ill. We just cannot understand sexuality if we reduce everything to the imperatives of nature brain or gene. As per Villanaueva(1997) â€Å"Sexuality is socially constructed, shaped by social, political and economic influences, and modified throughout life†. Feminism: the gender of sexuality Feminism offers a forceful social view of sexuality. Our gender identity is not a superficial pa rt of our lives, but shapes the personal and social aspects of our lives in important ways. Feminist believe that our sexual desires, feelings and preferences are imprinted by the gender. Feminists say that individuals acquire a sexual nature as they develop a gender identity. They believe sexuality as a product so men’s power: sex is a means by which men control women. Feminist criticize the notion that women’s sexual liberation is about claiming the right to pleasure or freedom to do as one pleases, an approach that expresses men’

Organisational Design and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational Design and Change - Essay Example Secondly, the framework makes clear of the choices and the plans an organisation makes and evaluation is easier. For instance, if a company pursued a strategy earlier, the executive can look at the result against the set framework to see whether the plan worked or not. This is beneficial because it provides vital information on sales (Hamel, n.d.). Thirdly, through the SWOT tool, the decision made becomes visible throughout all level of management. An SWOT analysis which establishes organisation’s strengths and weaknesses together with peripheral threats and prospects it faces. These modalities help executives generate strategies to utilise strengths or curtail weaknesses to rip the opportunity and shun risks (Eisenhardt, n.d). On the other hand, adherence to a specified strategy enables managers, first to build a shared collective intuition that augments the capacity of the top administration team to spot risks and opportunity more rapidly and more precisely. It also stimulates rapid conflict to advance the quality of strategic judgement without sacrificing considerable time and maintaining disciplined swiftness to oblige the decision course to a well-timed termination. Politically, the tax imposed on farmers in the countries producing the coffee essentially means that as by 2013, the Starbucks pays a huge price for all the coffee they procure. Therefore, any imposition or changes in taxation levels in the company are all passed to the consumers. For instance, if other countries revenue authorities impose a tariff it not only outcomes in loss of efficiency for Starbucks, but also enormous income transfers can turn incoherent with equity. Economic: An increase in interest rates derails Starbucks expansion strategies thus resulting in declining sales for Starbucks and sales of their suppliers. Consequently, if the nation where Starbucks of located is experiencing slows growth,

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Gun Control - Research Paper Example te this realization, the liberals have continued to push for the gun control as it increases the voter’s dependency on the government to offer them protection. The political effect has impacted the gun control in that it has shifted the voters leftward leaving the main supporters of the gun control to be the leftists politicians and liberal media (Kleinig & Lafolletee, 17). The Gun control is now believed to be a limitation or a denial by the government through the congress of the right of the citizens to armed self defense as stated by the Second Amendment of the United States of America Constitution (Kleinig & Lafolletee, 18). The congress have come out strongly using the discredited yet superficially appealing that the less the lawful-owned guns in the hands of the citizens, the fewer the crime cases even though guns have been considered as the main weapons of defense in America. The justification of their argument is that gun control laws result in enormous hardships. A good example is that of May 2012 when a gun control law led to an African American woman to be sentenced to prison for 20 years for just firing warning shots to her husband (Kleinig 280). This case resulted to an outburst of outrage around Florida as most people were against this sentence terming it as being unconscionable. The state has considered coming up with laws that ensure li ability in gun manufacturing and cover issues on shooting sports and personal protection. The laws also ensured that the licensed guns remained within the boundaries of the state exempt from the regulations of the federal that include licensing, background checks and registration. Most of the congresses believe that the gun control has potentially resulted to an increase in crime cases related to the use of guns through restricting its primary deterrent which is self defense. Statistics have it that law-abiding citizens in United States who use their guns outnumber the criminals who use guns and the ratio has

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING-Research Methodologies Paper (week 3) Essay

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING-Research Methodologies Paper (week 3) - Essay Example eral, marketing activities are all those associated with identifying the particular wants and needs of a target market of customers, and then going about satisfying those customers better than the competitors. This involves doing market research on customers, analyzing their needs, and then making strategic decisions about product design, pricing, promotion and distribution. As the world becomes a global village organizations are expanding their business from their country to all over the world. Marketing not only provides a strong base to any product but it also creates the image of the organization that the product belongs to. Marketing is not an old concept but the various ways in which it is done have evolved over a time period with the help of extreme research. Marketing is done according to the tastes and preferences of the consumers and the culture to which they belong. To find out the tastes, preferences and other factors that effect consumers buying decision different resear ch methodologies are applied by any organization before launching its product. By doing this an organization can estimate the success rate of its product or how much sales will be generated by the product, this helps them in deciding whether to launch a product or not. Our organization has faced a major boost in sales and profits since the last few years, the reason being our effective marketing strategy. Proving that our current marketing strategy is prefect for the time being. After the success of organization’s product in the domestic market due to an effective marketing strategy. The executive management team has decided that the organization will market its top selling product in the international market as well. Highly professional people have carefully selected the international market that will host the organizations top-selling product. The international market would be of Germany. In order to make an effective marketing strategy, different research methodologies would be

Globalization and Impact on Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalization and Impact on Companies - Essay Example The major problems faced by the MNCs in the current era are  Problems associated with differences in the culture across the national borders. It is very decisive to recognize that key to winning globalization lies in both economic cultural aspects. Due to cultural differences, the workforce within an organization cannot converse with each other efficiently then this obstructs the overall efficiency of the company. Human resource (HR) management becomes highly complex for the company’s that operates across different markets. There are problems faced by the HR managers in while coordinating diversity in workplaces. Lesser diversity in organizations lowers its business efficiency (International Labour Organisation, 2004). This model will help to analyze that since globalization, the business expansion process of a firm in the international market, makes it go through structural changes. This implies that at different stages of business internationalization, the multinational co rporations (MNCs) should go through separate organizational structures (Veder, 2008). At this stage, an MNC either only increases its geographical spread of business or increases product diversity. If the geographical spread is diversified, then the companies entail less product diversity. However, if the product diversity is more, the firms expand its business within the limited geographical spread.If the scope of internationalization is wide, then a firm should not allocate much money is product diversification. This is because under such cases the strategy of expansion should be guided by duplication or coordination. Hence the firms should encourage specialization of its factors of production under this strategy (Schenk, 2011).  

An investigation of the risk and protective factors associated with Research Proposal

An investigation of the risk and protective factors associated with high school graduation in the United States - Research Proposal Example Experts have estimated between 3.5 million and 6 million American students between ages 16 and 24 dropped out of schools for the last two years (Haskins, 2010). About 50 percent of minors fail to graduate with their class. African Americans tend to drop out higher than other minorities, which creates significant problems for them (Kogan et.al, 2005). For the class of 2013 84.1% of African Americans graduated, American Indian graduated 85.8%, Asian graduated at 93.8%, Hispanic at 85.1% and white at 93% according to Texas Education Agency 2012-2013. African Americans had the highest longitudinal dropout rate across racial/ethnic groups (9.9%), followed by Hispanics (8.2%). Asians had the lowest longitudinal dropout rate (3.0%), followed by White (3.5%) and multiracial students (4.4%). In the class of 2013, a total of 21,634 students dropped out in Texas. Females had a higher graduation rate of 90.3% compared to males with 85.9% (Texas Education Agency, 2013). Each state is experiencing the same trouble with a large percentage of students not graduating, so as a nation we are losing. In Texas, a total of 3,187 students dropped out of Grades 7-8, and 31,509 dropped out of Grades 9-12. The Grade 7-8 and Grade 9-12 dropout rates were 0.4 percent and 2.2 percent, respectively. The Grade 7-8 rate increased 0.1 percentage points from the 2011-12 school year, and the Grade 9-12 decreased 0.2 percentage points (TEA, 2013). In the school district that I work in which is Klein ISD, in 2010 Klein saw an increase in graduation rate. In May of 2010, 84.3% of the students statewide graduated while Klein ISD had a 92.6% completion rate. The student dropout rate has been an area of concern for many years in the United States. Programs are being implemented to help improve our nation’s battle with graduation. In 1984 House Bill 72 was passed to implement a system for collecting data on student dropouts. In 2009 House Bill 3 was passed to add postsecondary

Globalization and Impact on Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalization and Impact on Companies - Essay Example The major problems faced by the MNCs in the current era are  Problems associated with differences in the culture across the national borders. It is very decisive to recognize that key to winning globalization lies in both economic cultural aspects. Due to cultural differences, the workforce within an organization cannot converse with each other efficiently then this obstructs the overall efficiency of the company. Human resource (HR) management becomes highly complex for the company’s that operates across different markets. There are problems faced by the HR managers in while coordinating diversity in workplaces. Lesser diversity in organizations lowers its business efficiency (International Labour Organisation, 2004). This model will help to analyze that since globalization, the business expansion process of a firm in the international market, makes it go through structural changes. This implies that at different stages of business internationalization, the multinational co rporations (MNCs) should go through separate organizational structures (Veder, 2008). At this stage, an MNC either only increases its geographical spread of business or increases product diversity. If the geographical spread is diversified, then the companies entail less product diversity. However, if the product diversity is more, the firms expand its business within the limited geographical spread.If the scope of internationalization is wide, then a firm should not allocate much money is product diversification. This is because under such cases the strategy of expansion should be guided by duplication or coordination. Hence the firms should encourage specialization of its factors of production under this strategy (Schenk, 2011).  

Cultural Representations of Social Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Representations of Social Class - Essay Example The conjoined value of all of these parameters plays a part in defining the nature of the culture. So, when all the parameters have been decided; the culture plays a role in impacting the social class and the pride within the different social classes. The concept of culture is an amalgam of the different elements, which include the basal ideas of class, constructs, the norms, values and artifacts. All of these elements have a defined impact on the different sections of the society. The elementary constructs of social class are built on all of these fundamental points (Boas, 1940). An upper class construct is associated with the attachment to refined kinds of ideas. They tend to be more superfluous in nature with the importance being given to a lot of activities. The upper class has a certain set of the norms, values, constructs and ideas that form the crux of fundamental elements. An upper social construct would have all of these values that are consequential to it. The lower construct has certain attributes that have certain norms, values, artifacts and systems of action. The human beings are beings who have the quality of experiential learning (Lewis, 1964). So, it is potentially easy for an individual to move from a lower soci ety to the higher society by the learning of certain kinds of values that are essentially a part of the system of the social set-up. The some cannot be said about the migration from upper calls to a lower class. These are the reasons for the inability of the movement from the upper to lower class. The culture is divided in a general way, either in the form of refined culture or the culture that is not refined in nature. So, the formation of the social constructs is inherent to the definition of culture. This can be comprehended by the general meaning of culture which is a combination of the values, ideas, norms and the artifacts

Problems Of Architecture And Design

Problems Of Architecture And Design Software architecture and design is the main phase of software development life cycle. There are various important challenges that are associated with this phase. During our research on evaluating various software architecture design approaches, we identified many issues that are related with existing approaches like software requirements specification, software design methods its architectural styles, software processes and different constraints and associated policies. Present methods fulfills the demand of small and large scale software products but still there are some problems that we need to focus more about. In this paper we highlight these problems through survey method and also present some ideas and methods about their improvement. Key Terms: SDLC (Software development life cycle), UML (Unified modeling language), SDM (Software development methodology), CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) Introduction Architecture is concerned with the selection of architectural elements, their interactions, and the constraints on those elements. Interaction is necessary to provide a framework in which to satisfy the requirements and serve as a basis for the design. As in figure 1, we can see that Architecture={elements,interactions,constraints} Figure 1: Software architecture design as a bridge Design is concerned with the modularization and detailed interfaces of the design elements, their algorithms and procedures, and the data types needed to support the architecture and to satisfy the requirements. Design={elements,algorithms, procedures, datatypes} Figure 2: Outline of architectural design approach The next part of this paper is section II which will describe what software architecture design is all about. Section III of this document will describe the current challenges of software architecture and design. In section IV we will describe our survey research results. Section V will describe our proposed solution by identifying existing problems in software architecture design. Section VI will summarize the main recommendation for future research on software architecture design improvements. Literature Review The design architecture of software system has primary importance in software engineering research. Design is an activity which is engaged by a wide range of stake holders, used throughout of SDLC phases, provides set of key choices for applications architecture. Richard N. Taylor in his research The once and future focus of software engineering shows why design is a principal focus. His direction for design research includes: (a) Various drawing techniques (b) Design of application functionality, style architecture (c) Expand the software design to add different intangible software artifacts. A good architecture ensures that system will satisfy key requirements e.g. reliability, efficiency, quality, performance, scalability, portability, and interoperability. A bad architecture leads towards complex problems e.g. system crash. David Garlan in his research Software Architecture: a Roadmap defines that change in technology raises a number of new challenges for software design architecture. This paper presents some of the important trends challenges of software architecture in research. Architecture contains set of interacted components. Architectural description includes sufficient information to do high-level analysis of system. It plays a role as a bridge between requirements and implementation. Software architecture has important role in six aspects of software development: Understandability, reuse, construction, evolution, analysis management. Design style also plays an important role in real-time software development. For real-time software applications using more sophisticated methodologies is critical to ensure the fulfillment of safety requirements. Manas Saksena in his research Real-Time Software Design State of the Art and Future Challenges presents a high-level overview of real-time software architecture design. His focus is on standard techniques for dealing with the critical issues of concurrency and timeliness along with using automated tools. Different design styles for constructing real-time software principal technological trends currently emerging in the field are described. For large scale software systems development, different security challenges are associated. Bhavani Thuraisingham Kevin W. Hamlen in his paper Challenges and Future Directions of Software Technology: Secure Software Development describes different aspects of secure software development like security policy de ¬Ã‚ nition, formal modeling, developing security architecture and software models, testing veri ¬Ã‚ cation and validation and evaluation. By developing using new software architectures including service oriented architectures and object oriented systems for various computing. This paper describes two security challenges that need to be considered in building evolvable and  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible secure systems: (a) Applying formal methods (b) Secure services modeling of systems. Data-driven design techniques are important mechanisms to manage complexity in systems. Important design ideas should not be ignored. Rebecca J and Wirfs-Brock in Designing in the Future presents their idea that Up-front thinking is rarely wasted effort, especially when tackling complex or novel design problems. Proposed different aspects: Focusing on the Details Thinking and planning add value The Design Value of Well-structured requirements The poorly defined requirements have bad effect on overall design architecture. Designers should design the problems in well-formed manner to bring clarity in design. Sometime by using simple, comprehensive solutions is not suitable. Messy problems leads towards poor design architecture small elements dont always collectively add up values to design abstractions. It needs to use better techniques for understanding and structuring problems as well as design solutions. Challenges of Architecture Design Phase Here we describe some important phases of SDLC in detail along with the existing processes then highlighted some problems related to these processes. 3.1. Requirements Elicitation It is about collecting the requirements of a system from users, customers and other stakeholders. Requirements elicitation processes include interviews, questionnaires, user observation, workshops, brain storming, use cases, role playing and prototyping. Problems: Some of the problems are related to: Defining the system objectives scope Understanding among stakeholders affected by the system development Volatile nature of requirements 3.2. Design Methodologies Structured methods of software design are sets of guidelines. It supports different type of models like: A structural model Data-flow model An object-oriented model An ER model Problems: Some of the issues related to software design are: Reliability Quality Complexity Conformity Changeability Invisibility 3.3. Tools/Technologies Different types of software design tools are available in market for use. Commercial tools are: Rational Rose (IBM) Together Designer (Borland) Rhapsody (I-Logix) Poseidon (Gentleware) Free Tools: UMLet EclipseUML Visual Paradigm Open source Tools: ArgoUML (Tigris) StarUML (Sourceforge) Problems: Some other problems in CASE technologies are: Usability, Complexity. Need creative skills Integrations between teams 3.4. Software Development Process methodologies It contains structured set of activities required to develop a software system. Different software process models are used: Waterfall model Evolutionary model Iterative/Incremental model Spiral model Agile software Development Agile unified process Design driven Development Dynamic systems development method Extreme programming Rational unified process Scrum Test driven development Unified process Problems: Applying the wrong process for software product Use less code by generating code using automated tools 3.5. Design Processes Some important processes related to design are: Design system flow Develop data model Create physical data model Design screens Data entry screens Inquiry screens Help screens Design reports Design Patterns Conduct design walkthrough Screen designs Problems: Some of the problems related to design processes are: Traceability to the requirements. External consistency with the requirements. Internal consistency between components. Appropriateness of design methods and standards used. Detailed designs feasibility. Feasibility of operation and maintenance. 3.6. Design Standards Following standards are common for all type of software projects Identification of tasks, frames, units, and procedures Identification of common modules Identification of the programming language Definition of the control logic for every component Identification of access of database Evaluate operation and performance requirements Problems: Some of problems related to design standards are: Scalability Single standard are applied for both small and large scale projects Standards become very common when every type of project follow them 3.7. Architecture and design Documentation Documentation includes following mandatory documents: For Enterprise Architecture: Physical Design Document System Architecture Document Logical Design Document Infrastructure Component Placement Diagram Infrastructure Pattern Match For Waterfall Approach: Architecture Design System/Subsystem Design Application Architecture and Design Interface Design Database Design Screen/Report Design For Iterative Approach: Design Class Design Model Design Package Software Architecture Document Use-Case Realization Problems: Understandability Changeability Invisibility 3.8. Costs and Risks When we reduce risks on early stages of architecture and design then this will reduce cost on later phases. Resolving risks on later phases are very expensive and very difficult. Problems: From previous studies it is concluded that design for dependability and analysis is risky and costly due to following reasons: Effect of design on analysis and cost is not determined and understandable. During the course of the project whenever requirements change, the design will also change. This condition will make dependability of the system invalid. Top-down method is not good for those systems that are inherited from their previous systems. Survey Report Results We have designed a questionnaire containing questions related to challenges of architecture and design. Research Analysis This analysis is a comparison and research of most challenging activities during architecture and design phase. 4.1. Secure architecture and design According to our research 13 % Architect is using attack trees and threat models for designing a secure architecture. 26% are agreed on misuse cases are utilized during the design process. 40% Architects are using secure software design principles to mitigate potential weaknesses. Similarly 20% is agreed on that existing software is using known, good cryptographic methods/algorithm. Figure 3: Secure architecture and design 4.2. Most challenging task in design process According to our analysis most challenging activity is to create internal consistency within the module of a system in design process. 40% is agreed on this. Then maintenance and feasibility are challenging with the percentage of 26% and 20% respectively. Finally following standards are also difficult task and 13% are agreed on this. Figure 4: Most challenging task in design process 4.3. Critical deficiency in design standard According to our analysis the most critical deficiency in present design standard is flexibility and 40% people are agreed on this. 33% and 26% are agreed on global acceptance and scalability respectively is critical deficiencies. Figure 5: Critical deficiency in design standard 4.4. Challenges related to design documentation According to research in case of multiple stakeholders the most common problem related to documentation is changeability. 33% agreed on this. 26% agreed that understandability and flexibility are problems in documentation and 13% agreed that invisibility is a common deficiency. Figure 6: Challenges related to design documentation 4.5. Design tools technologies According to our analysis 33% projects use commercial tools because of their high reliability and efficiency. 26% and 20% organizations or people use open source tool and free tools respectively. These tools are available and easily accessible. Figure 7: Design tools technologies 4.6. Design methodologies Brainstorming is related to finding out root causes of a problem so 26% people are agreed that this process is most effective for requirement elicitation. 20% agreed on prototyping.10% are agreed on interview and questionnaire because they cover very limited domain of problem. 6% agreed on use cases and workshop because it required skills and cooperation between team members. Figure 8: Design methodologies 4.7. Problems with volatile nature of requirements According to survey 40% people agreed upon that we can reduce volatility by freezing or fixing requirements. 33% agreed that we can reduce this issue by reducing modifications. 26% agreed that we should ignore changes. Figure 9: Problems with volatile nature of requirements 4.8. Best software design method 33% people agreed that best method for software design is iterative method. Then 25%, 20%, 13% and 6% agreed that Agile method, Spiral method, waterfall method and evolutionary method respectively are well suited method. Figure 10: Best software design method V- Proposed Solution 5.1. Secure architecture and design For the purpose of reducing security risks designers should use secure software design principles. Designer should also focus on complex cryptographic techniques. 5.2. Most challenging task in design process Maintaining internal consistency within the module of a system is very difficult task. Designer can reduce this issue by making minimum dependency within the modules. Design whole system in small increments will also help to reduce this problem. In this way requirements will be traceable to their original resources. 5.3. Critical deficiency in design standard Architecture and design standards are most common thing for all type of software system. So flexibility is very challenging characteristic of standards and policies because most adopted standards are very common. If standards are according to system or product design then we can accommodate new changes. 5.4. Challenges related to design documentation Changeability or modifiability is very critical task in the design documentation. Requirements might be change in any stage of design phase. When requirement changes then design will be according to these modified requirements. 5.5. Design tools technologies According to analysis software development organizations should use commercial tools for design and architecture phase. Commercial tools are reliable, efficient and provide good performance. 5.6. Design methodologies Defects in requirement elicitation phase will create problem during design and architecture. We should use brainstorming method because this will reduce causes of problem occurrence. For large projects we should use prototyping. In prototyping an increment is delivered to customers and they will identify problems. 5.7. Problems with volatile nature of requirements Volatile nature of requirement causes problems during architecture and design phase. When we freeze or fix requirements before design and architecture phase then this will reduce problem related to volatility of requirement. 5.8. Best software design method This is a very challenging task to select a best method for development software. The selected method will also effect on the architecture and design phase of software. When we use iterative method then this will reduce problems in later phases because early increments will measure performance of systems design. VI- Conclusion and future work Software architecture and design is the core activity of any development cycle. In this paper we highlight some problems related to this phase. These problems are faced by every type of project. We also suggest some solution for this problem. When we follow these suggestions then we can reduce problems associated with different phases of architecture and design. In future we can implement these suggestions. Secondly there is also a possibility to highlight issue very deeply and related to each activity of architecture and design phases.

huck finn Essay -- essays research papers

Huck Finn: America’s Fascination with the Bad Boy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the history of American Literature, the use of the ‘bad boy’ or the rebel in the literature has always fascinated readers. We may ask ourselves why would a bad person with typically bad morals and a bad attitude appeal to people in society? American society typically flocks toward certain characters in literature, based on their character. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, we are able to examine one of the most famous rebellious young men in the history of American literature. Huck reveals all the typical qualities of a ‘bad boy’, while retaining his inner compassion. Through analysis of Huck and other characters in American Literature, we can come to a conclusion that the ‘bad boy’ is usually a character that is non-conforming to society, such as in religion, school, and moral standards, while retaining their compassion inside. Although these rebellious boys may look tough and scary on the outs ide, on the inside they actually have a good heart and are able to have feelings such as remorse, regret, love, and compassion for others. In addition, there is a thin line between the American bad boy that we all know and love, and truly a bad person. Both come off tough on the outside, but it is the inner character that will separate ‘the men from the boys’. The rebellious boy we are fascinated boy has a good heart, while the other ‘bad boy’ is bad in all aspects. People are drawn to the inner moral fiber, not how bad people are on the outside. This is why Huck is so famous in literary history. It is evident that he has a tough outside, but a caring personality on the inside.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foley 2 Huck is far from a typical child in all aspects of his character, life experiences, and maturity. Huck doesn’t conform to society whatsoever, and has his own opinion about everything. In a society as religious as his, he says a lot of cruel things about religion and what he thinks of it, especially when it comes to hell. â€Å"Then she told me all about the bad place, and I said I wished I was there. She got mad, then, but I didn’t mean no harm. She said it was wicked to say what I said; said she wouldn’t say it for the whole world; she was going to live so as to go to the good place.† (Twain 33). Huck clearly displays his thinking on religion throug... ...nbsp;  While Huck represents the ‘American bad boy’, Tom Sawyer is presented as a FOIL of Huck. Huck does the things he needs to do in order to survive, while Tom Sawyer is living in his own fantasy world. Everything in Tom’s life revolves around these fairytale adventures he reads about in books. Tom conforms to society, while Huck clearly does not. Tom has no worries though, as far as survival and having a place to go. He loves to make everything difficult, in order to do it ‘the way they do it in adventure books.’ The two boys are total opposites, in the form of character, goals and actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America has always had a fascination with the rebellious young boy, and it is very possible that the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, brought about this loving for this type of character. Huck’s character has both the noticeable bad Foley 6 boy attitude and tough outside, while also having a good heart and a caring personality. His character brings out the reader’s ‘id’ as Freud would say. It brings out the naughtiness inside the reader’s personality, while still making him lovable because he is really a good person on the inside.

SOCIETY VS INDIVIDUAL: REPRESSION ON DIONYSIAN PERSONALITY IN THE STRANGER :: essays research papers fc

Many books have been written by many authors that deal with a struggle between society and individual. Albert Camus’ The Stranger (L’à ©tranger) deals with this same topic, but it can be analyzed from a unique and very interesting point of view. The way of life of people can be analyzed by classifying them into two main forces that oppose each other. These forces were named after the Greek gods Apollo and Dionysus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theses terms were first used by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. The main concept of the Apollonian personality is that these persons’ main mode of functioning is by reason, whereas the Dionysian personality functions by intuition. In Camus’ The Stranger, Mersault’s personality can be seen as Dionysian (reasons will be discussed later), but his main attitude towards society is quite Apollonian. This leads to the statement that the Dionysian personality of Mersault is restrained by society, making him seem or behave in an Apollonian style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term Apollonian was first used by Nietzsche to represent principle of order, logic, clarity, moderation, and control in human personality and society. He applied the word Dionysian to represent spontaneity, passion, intuition, an excess in human personality, and rebellion against society. The Apollonian self is what makes people be organized, be on places on time, follow the rules, etc. An Apollonian person often wants solitude and quiet moments to think. Some of these persons often loose temper when they encounter their clashing personality, the Dionysian personality. The Dionysian personality always wants to have fun, live the moment, resist authority and act on hunches. A Dionysian person usually has a tendency to resist authority, jump to quick conclusions (whilst the Apollonian tends to think a lot before jumping to conclusions or making decisions) and indulge, or overindulge, him/herself. While the Apollonian person likes to have quiet time to think, a D ionysian person likes to daydream. The Dionysian personality basically revolves around the senses and what is natural and beyond reason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Stranger, Mersault’s personality can be difficult to analyze. Some people say that his personality is strongly Apollonian; some say that he is a balance of both personalities, and others say that he is Dionysian. Mersault, as society sees him, he is an individual with antisocial traits, a person who rarely speaks and does not show many emotions. All these traits can be related to the Apollonian style. But we can also see that he enjoys laughing, going to the beach, basic human needs like eating, drinking and having sex and he resists or rebels against society.

Concern Regarding Evaluation Process

This letter expresses few concerns regarding the upcoming faculty evaluation process. The letter outlines some of the problems in the current evaluation process and has expressed suggestions on revising some of the plans.The revision of current evaluation process will increase administrative strength and professional growth of this faculty.The current process does not evaluate teaching methods. A revised process should be proposed that include evaluation of teaching effectiveness preferably getting input from students, associates and administration. The current process only includes evaluation based on understanding and coverage of subjects and lack what students’ think about faculty member’s teaching abilities.As the evaluation process is held annually, it is also important to track achievements that can highlight skills and academic development of faculty members.The current process does not track these improvements.   It is important for a faculty administration to be enlightened of academic capability of its faculty. A revised process might include updating of faculty member’s resumes or their individual contributions for the previous year.Another concern is regarding the reward system. The current evaluation process does not lead to any award for extraordinary achievement of faculty members. Based on the evaluation, rating system should be introduced and faculty member with high ratings should be rewarded with some sort of recognition.Few concerns are expressed in this letter in hope for an improved and efficient evaluation process.   

Language of the Brochure Essay

Firstly, the brochure gives the impression that the resort is the best in Tenerife. The holiday resort is described as, ‘the largest, most vibrant, holiday centre in Tenerife†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This uses super latives to persuade the readers that the Sun Valley Beach Club is the best because if the Sun Valley are describing the resort the largest and most vibrant, they are saying that the resort has lots of availability in order to fulfil customers as the resort is so popular while also being full of life and energy which may also suggest that, again, the resort may be popular with tourists. The word, ‘most’ is a super lative because if you want to be the most at something nothing can be more or beat you at something. For example, if you are the most funniest person in school, no one else in the school can be funnier than you, they can only be less funnier than you. This will cause people to listen because the resort is the largest and most vibrant compared to all the other holiday resorts in Tenerife and you want the best value for money. Therefore, readers would want to book a bargain holiday at the Sun Valley Beach Club. Also, the brochure gives the impression that the resort is in a great location. The brochure tells us there is, ‘low rainfall and year round temperatures of 25-30 °C’. This uses facts to persuade the readers that the Sun Valley Beach Club is in a great location because when you go on holiday, if it is raining, you have to stay inside but everyone wants to make the most of your holiday but if you just stay inside, you can’t get out and go activates. In this case, Tenerife has great beaches so the tourists may want to go to the beach or go swimming. The phrase, ‘25-30 °C’ is factual because it is saying that the temperatures can only be 25-30 degrees in Tenerife. Also, people like hot places like Tenerife because it is easier to relax in a hot place and when you are on holiday, you want to relax and have a good time. This will also cause readers to listen to the Sun Valley Beach Club because facts are more believable because they are true so people will believe the information on the brochure. Therefore, readers would want to book a hot and rainless holiday at the Sun Valley Beach Club. Next, the brochure gives another impression that the resort has a lot of activates on offer for a great price. The brochure explains that the resort offers, ‘a full range of water-sports, tennis, mini golf and riding’. This uses lists to persuade the reader that the resort has a lot of activates because not everyone is the same and likes doing the same activates because different people have different likes and dislikes. If you have a resort with different activates, you would prefer to go to the Sun Valley then another resort that only has one activate on offer, especially if you were a family with children that are all different. The phrase, ‘full range’ is involved in a list because when something has a full range, it has everything to do with that thing. For example, when you have a full range of activates, you have loads of activates. This will cause readers to want to listen to the Sun Valley Beach Club holiday providers because tourists would want to keep active on holiday and the resort contains a lot of activates. Therefore, readers would want to book a fun and active holiday at the Sun Valley Beach Club. Lastly, the brochure gives the impression that the resort will be enjoyable for everyone. The brochure says to the parents, ‘why not relax in the poolside bar area keeping them in sight†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This uses conversational tone to persuade the reader that the resort is enjoyable because both parents and children has things that they can enjoy. In this case, the children can play in the swimming pool while the parents can drink and chat to other people whilst still being in reach of their children. The phrase, ‘why not’ is conversational because it sounds like advice and a friend give you advice. It also sounds like Sun Valley is letting them have their say whether or not they want to book the holiday. This will cause readers to want to listen to the Sun Valley Beach Club’s advice because they would want to listen to a friend more than a stranger. Therefore, readers would want to book a friendly holiday at the Sun Valley Beach Club.

Narratives of Adolescence Explored Through the Harry Potter

Ergo, when had decided to examine the movies, two movies in particular came to mind – Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Cabana (2004) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part One (2010). My Hypothesis is that as the movies progress, or rather, as Harry Potter (the main character) grows up, his surrounding social relationships mature him as well. They shape his personality and consequently, shape the turn of events yet to come. And I would like to explore how they Influence him and why.The movie relates to the topic of the course, as it focuses on narratives of adolescence in European cinema. It takes place In a far off dimension in the United Kingdom, contains a unique combination of basic teen everyday dilemmas, social relationship matters, mental maturity conversion, and various turning points heehawed by a super natural kick. I plan to explore different influences within Harry life – his parents and parent-like role models, his friends, romantic relationships an d rival enemies – to see how those relationships attributed to his maturing.Consequently, the point of focusing on society will result In a comparison of his decisions, which were much associated with protecting his kind and ensuring peace to the generations after him. The matter of taking responsibility for not only oneself, but also others, is very much relevant to the pressure many teens are feeling across the globe today. As the course focuses on gaining content and source for the corning of age subject through films, discussion and analysis of the Harry Potter movies will aim at gaining a general understanding of trauma and its depiction.Therefore, distinguishing between the personal and the social levels will emphasize these findings. In order to fully comprehend the concluding outcome of Harry Potter's development, the basic plot shall be briefed: Harry Potter was born to a wizard and a witch, Lilly (a mugged – has no wizardly blood) and James (pure-blood) Potte r, during the First Hazarding war. HIS parents were members of the order of the Phoenix – an organization led by Albums Tumbledown, purposed to defeat the dark lord, Voltmeter, and his enforcers, the Death Eaters.Voltmeter, hearing the prophecy of Hardy's future causing his defeat, murders Lilly and James with the killing spell. However, his attempt to kill baby Harry fails, as Lilly's love and protection causes the spell to bounce off Harry, leaving him with a lightening-shaped scar on his forehead. The scar 1 OFF Now orphaned Harry is adopted by his aunt and uncle (muscles), who mistreat him and neglect his needs. By locking Harry in his small, dusty under-staircase room and polling their only child right in front of his eyes, Harry develops a dealing mechanism of settled life.He is not aware of his rich wizardly history, or of his magical potential. When Haggard, a half-giant wizard gamekeeper from Hogwash's School of Witchcraft and Wizardry appeared with the school's lett er of acceptance addressed to Harry, an immensely influential turning point had taken over Hardy's life. No longer was he feeling out of place or unneeded – he had finally felt he had belonged somewhere. These feelings encouraged Hardy's sense of purpose in life, especially as he quickly bonded with two other students at Hogwash's – HeroineGranger and Ron Wesley. As fate would have it, Harry and his two new friends were all sorted into the same house – Gratifying. The individual who has not befriended Harry, and mocked the name preceding him was Dorado Malady, and he was sent into the Slithering house. Many relationships have influenced Harry Potter and shaped his unique characteristic individuality. This enabled a reoccurring plot twist of the constellation of his personal relations (family, intergenerational relations, peer groups- friendly allies and notorious enemies, etc. . With time, Harry is exposed to various situations here he is put under a magnifying glass for his choice of actions, although always well intended. It is almost as if he is pressured into maturing all too fast, as from the point of attending Hogwash's Harry deals with constant life threats on his own. Help from his friends and some handpicked school staff is provided, and although much is being done in order to make Harry feel safe and home, it is quite clear that much is being put at stake on the young adolescent's shivering shoulders.In the first movie to be discussed – the Prisoner of Cabana – Harry is in his early adolescence stage, as he is thirteen years-old. His cinematic narrative and inherent conflicts represent a less romantic and more individual growth, as it has mostly to do with family descendents reaching out to him and unveiling the truth behind his parents and their cause of death. However, in the second movie I wish to refer to – the Deathly Hallows, Part One – Harry is eighteen years-old, meaning he is in his late adole scence stage, Just approaching the emerging adulthood stage.This movie puts the spotlight on the threesome's friendship (Harry, Ron and Heroine), as they set out on a mission to find and destroy all of the Hercules, as they are the key to Voltmeter's immortality. Adult presence is not felt particularly within this movie, as there is no guidance or protection from their professors, families or others. The threesome rely on each other, however, this turns out to be a difficult task, as the Dark Forces use black magic and mind games to make the three turn on each other.Overall, the learning process the film offers is a distinguished moral outline of adolescents' development, demonstrated by social relations and interactions. The protagonist – Harry Potter – faces many obstacles in the righteous path of discovering and tears. His character evolves from a clueless, naive and stray form, to a mature, responsible, identity confident state. In this essay I plan on using a vari ety of research materials – the official Harry Potter books and movies, websites, fan pages and open-floor forums.The reason I have decided to use many forms of median resources is because not only am I interested in my interpretation of the character development, but I would also like to review other opinions. Shall my hypothesis be refuted, conclusive evidence must be provided as to what has influenced Harry Potter to fulfill his prophecy – become the error and savior of an entire magical kingdom. Part II: 1. Exposition (central conflict of narration). Which are the antagonistic elements of the film? 2. Intensification of the conflict (Show scenes and explain them) 3.Show development of main characters. What do they learn? How is it expressed in their action? Which fields of adolescence are addressed? 4. Turning points of story (Periphery) 5. Resolution of the conflict? Message of the story (cognitive level) 6. Which feelings/ emotions are conveyed by the film? What was the strongest emotional impression for you? How did it relate to the plot or to certain aesthetically elements of it like music, pictures. Can you describe it as an experience? / (Flabbergasting II) 7.Assessment: How could the filmed be used for educational purposes? What can be learned or experienced? Make a short statement. Work (education, profession, socio-economical situation) Cultural Belief System (Ideology, political and historical Identity) Part Ill: Scientific articles Find at least one scientific article which relates to your subject. It is favorable to use also an article that provides insights to the film, director, genre etc. Give the main arguments of the texts and try to draw a line to the message / (Flabbergasting) of the movie.